Sea ice impact on naval operations

Snow on Antarctic Sea Ice

Snow on Antarctic sea ice plays a complex and highly variable role in air-sea-ice interaction processes and the Earth’s climate system. Using data collected mostly during the past 10 years, this paper reviews the following topics: snow thickness and snow type and their geographical and seasonal variations; snow grain size, density, and salinity; frequency of occurrence of slush; thermal conduct...

WAVEWATCH III: Transition to Naval Operations

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Frost flower formation on sea ice and lake ice

[1] Frost flowers are clusters of ice crystals found on freshly formed sea ice and occasionally on frozen lakes. They belong to a class of vapour-related phenomena that includes freezing fog, hoar frost and dew. It has hitherto been supposed that they form by condensation from a supersaturated atmosphere or from water wicked up through porous sea ice. Here we show that they can form on solid, p...

Ice Growth on Sea Surface and Drift of Ice

Improving Multiyear Sea Ice Concentration Estimates with Sea Ice Drift

Multiyear ice (MYI) concentration can be retrieved from passive or active microwave remote sensing observations. One of the algorithms that combines both observations is the Environmental Canada Ice Concentration Extractor (ECICE). However, factors such as ridging, snow wetness and metamorphism can cause significant changes in brightness temperature and backscatter, leading to misidentification...